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"How did inter-ethnic solidarity become attenuated in the era of the Chinese imperial transformation (1900-1930)? Based on Inner Mongolian cases, this book examines the transformations effective in the policy domains of land affairs, military organization, and law, which were initiated to strengthen state centralization, yet resulted in the sharpening of ethnic boundaries. Using unpublished archival sources, this book benefits from three key strengths. It addresses the question of Mongol-Han relationship in the early Republican period (1911-1930), it illuminates the details of imperial administration and its changes along with the shift of the regime, and it explores the theoretical potentials of the near frontier approach and positions the Chinese imperial transition within a comparative perspective"--

AbstractThis article is a study of the Inner Mongolian land reform undertaken by the Qing government in the last decade of its rule. Instead of portraying land reform as a state process of taming and transforming nomads, I examine the metamorphosis of the multi-ethnic governing relationships enabled by the reform. The frontier governance system on which I focus consisted of coalitions and conflicts among four key players: Mongol banners, neighboring Han Chinese provinces, the Court of Dependencies, and frontier military governors. By elucidating the changing relationships that bound these players together, I pinpoint the most significant agendas of land reform, how the Mongols' position vis-à-vis state agencies changed throughout the reform process, and to what extent these changes resulted in state centralization. My study illuminates a variety of topics, including nomad sedentarization, frontier politics, and modern state expansion.

Familial power contributed to binding territories together and systematically severing them in both China and early modern European states. In the early Qing (1644–1911) Empire, Manchu conquerors met the challenges of securing and expanding rule by discovering ways to use laterally related brothers and imperial bondservants to hold Chinese bureaucrats in check, while deploying bureaucracy to restrain princely brothers from partitioning the state. The ensuing interlock of patrimonial practices and bureaucracy, developed in a style similar to ancien régime France, stabilized political power for centuries.

AbstractThis paper investigates aftermarket volatility and underpricing of the Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange during the period 1990–1999. Our results indicate that aftermarket volatility has increased significantly but the average degree of underpricing has not increased. The decomposition of the aggregate aftermarket volatility in market, industry, and firm‐specific components reveals that the increase is mostly attributable to firm‐specific risk. We also find that the volatility of IPOs is smaller than that of comparable (matched) seasoned stocks. Although our results show an overall positive relationship between IPO underpricing and aftermarket volatility, we find that this relationship has become considerably weaker in recent years.RésuméCet article étudie la volatilité après‐bourse et la sousévaluation des titres suite à un appel public à l'épargne (APE) à la bourse de Toronto durant la période 1990–1999. Nos résultats indiquent que la volatilité aprèsbourse a augmenté de manière significative, mais que le niveau moyen de la sous‐évaluation quant à lui est resté intact. La décomposition de la volatilité totale aprèsbourse selon ses composantes de marché, d'industrie et celle propre aux firmes, indique que l'augmentation de la volatilité peut être attribuée aux risques spécifiques aux firmes. Nous trouvons aussi que la volatilité des APE est plus faible que celle des émissions d'actions comparables déjà listées. Bien que nos résultats montrent une relation positive globale entre la sous‐évaluation des APE et la volatilité subséquente à l'émission, nous estimons que cette relation s'est considérablement affaiblie au cours des dernières années.

AbstractAs COVID-19 has swept across the world, the escalating number of confirmed and suspected cases overwhelmed the admission capacity of the designated hospitals. Faced with such a grim situation, governments made a quick decision to build emergency medical facilities to address the outbreak. However, the emergency medical facilities faced a huge risk of epidemic spread and improper site could lead to serious secondary transmission. Using the disaster prevention and risk avoidance function of urban green space can solve the problem of selecting the location of emergency medical facilities to a certain extent, with country parks having a high degree of compatibility with the latter. Based on the location requirements of emergency medical facilities, using Analytic Hierarchy Process and Delphi method, through analyzing the type of country parks, effective risk avoidance area, spatial fragmentation, distance from water sources, wind direction, and distance from the city, quantification of 8 impact factors such as hydrogeology and traffic duration was conducted to comprehensively compare 30 country parks in Guangzhou. The results showed that the overall quality of country parks approximated a normal distribution, with Lianma Forest Country Park having the highest comprehensive score and the most balanced distribution of scores for various impact factors. Considering safety, expandability, rehabilitation, convenience, pollution prevention, and fecal isolation, it is a preferred destination for emergency medical facility construction.